Immunology of Infection

Immunology is a study of biology that covers the investigation of insusceptible systems in life forms. In regards to infectious disease, it is an “old associate’’ or developing risk, the immune system’s battle against the first line of defence it experiences. The immune system has built up with a number of ways which deals with controlling a viral and bacterial disease which directly kills the pathogen to complex cytokines that hinder replication. Pathogens have encountered by building up of immune evasion mechanisms that repress cytokine work and prevent resistant of tainted cells. With vaccines and effective medications, the immune system’s destroyed the infectious agents or infected cells. When microorganisms invade, their foreign macromolecules are recognized by pattern recognition receptors of the host, which initiate rapid innate immune responses (including phagocytes, cytokines and complement) followed by slower but very specific long-lasting acquired immune responses mediated by T cells and B cells. Deficiency of a specific component of the immune system as a result of either a genetic or acquired disorder can predispose to a characteristic pattern of infection. The host immune response may also contribute to the pathogenesis of infectious disease as a result of immune complex formation or excessive cytokine production. Many persistent pathogens have evolved distinctive mechanisms that enable them to evade host immune responses. An infectious disease shows an important cause of human morbidity and mortality. Vaccine development is of great importance in global health. In parallel with this, there is an increase in studies to identify the innate, humoral or cellular immunological mechanisms which confer immunity to pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites. As a result, there are increasing numbers of scientists, clinicians and veterinarians wish to develop their knowledge and skills in these areas. The formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is the process in which neutrophils release their DNA in an extracellular three-dimensional (3D) webs like structure, complexed with a wide range of antimicrobial and dangerous molecules, granular and cytoplasmic enzymes, peptides and proteins. These immunogenic and toxic structures have an important physiological role in the innate immune defence of healthy individuals by trapping and killing infectious pathogens. However, they have also been demonstrated to be involved in thrombosis and various systemic autoimmune diseases, including anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA), -associated vacuities (AAV), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, and gout.

             

                               

For more details contact: 

Ashley Prescott ~ infectious2019@gmail.com